Users' Guides to the Medical Literature by In addition to the Users' Guide to Medical Literature, be sure to check out the JAMA series on step-by-step critical appraisal! Johns Hopkins has posted this series freely on their website.
Dr. Trisha Greenhalgh is a British physician and professor of medicine that wrote a series of excellent articles in the mid to late 1990's as the idea of finding, analyzing, and using the best evidence from the literature. Although over 10 years old, her "How to Read a Paper" series of articles, published in the BMJ, still offer valid insight into increasing critical appraisal skills. Note: Some of the articles begin on page two or three of the linked PDF file.
Greenhalgh, T. (1997). How to read a paper. getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about). BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 315(7102), 243-246.
Greenhalgh, T. (1997). How to read a paper. papers that report diagnostic or screening tests. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 315(7107), 540-543.
Greenhalgh, T. (1997). How to read a paper. papers that report drug trials. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 315(7106), 480-483.
Greenhalgh, T. (1997). How to read a paper. statistics for the non-statistician. I: Different types of data need different statistical tests. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 315(7104), 364-366.
Greenhalgh, T. (1997). How to read a paper. statistics for the non-statistician. II: "significant" relations and their pitfalls. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 315(7105), 422-425.
Greenhalgh, T. (1997). How to read a paper. the medline database. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 315(7101), 180-183.
In addition to the two articles on the left from Dr. Greenhalgh, the following resources will help you in understanding common statistics found in medical journal articles.
Basic and Clinical Biostatistics by
A comprehensive user-friendly introduction to biostatistics and epidemiology applied to medicine, clinical practice, and research.
Clinical Epidemiology by 
Epidemiology and Biostatistics by
The sixth edition has been thoroughly revised and further clarifies difficult concepts such as person-time incidence rates, confounding, effect modification, P values, and survival analysis.
Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health by
Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health is the only textbook that combines the disciplines of medical epidemiology, biostatistics, preventive medicine, and public health in one convenient resource.
Statistics in Medicine by
Statistics in Medicine, Third Edition makes medical statistics easy to understand by students, practicing physicians, and researchers. The book begins with databases from clinical medicine and uses such data to give multiple worked-out illustrations of every method. The text opens with how to plan studies from conception to publication and what to do with your data, and follows with step-by-step instructions for biostatistical methods from the simplest levels (averages, bar charts) progressively to the more sophisticated methods now being seen in medical articles (multiple regression, noninferiority testing).
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